موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب مدیریت اراضی 2345-6205 14 1 2026 08 23 Impacts of input consumption management on sustainable production of Quinoa: energy use, water use, and environmental implications ارزیابی تأثیر مدیریت مصرف نهاده‌ها بر پایداری تولید کینوا: مصرف انرژی، مصرف آب و پیامدهای محیط‌زیستی 29 42 135076 10.22092/lmj.2026.371102.397 FA رضا محمدی کیا محقق بخش مدیریت آب در مزرعه، مؤسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران Journal Article 2025 11 10 Objectives Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) has emerged as a promising climate-resilient crop due to its exceptional adaptability to harsh environmental conditions, including drought, salinity, and poor soil fertility. Its high nutritional value, coupled with its ability to maintain acceptable productivity under limited water availability, has made quinoa an attractive option for diversifying cropping systems and improving food security in arid and semi-arid regions. However, despite its recognized tolerance to environmental stresses, achieving sustainable quinoa production still depends on efficient management of agricultural inputs, particularly water, energy, and agrochemicals, to ensure both economic viability and environmental sustainability. With increasing limitations on water and energy resources and the pressing need for sustainable agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions, optimizing the management of water and agricultural inputs has become crucial for quinoa production. This study is intended to evaluate the effects of optimal input management on quinoa cultivation sustainability, focusing on Energy Use Efficiency (EUE), Water Use Efficiency (WUE), and Environmental Impact Index (EII). Understanding how input management affects energy consumption, water productivity, and environmental impacts is essential for enhancing resource-use efficiency and promoting sustainable cropping systems in water-limited areas. Material and Methods A field-based study using lysimeters under controlled management conditions was conducted to quantify system inputs and outputs. System inputs included energy from fuel, water, and electricity as well as fertilizers, pesticides, seeds, and human labor while output energy was calculated based on quinoa grain yield. EUE, WUE, and EII were computed using standard formulas. Additionally, a Monte Carlo simulation was employed for sensitivity analysis to determine the relative effects of different efficiency indicators on system sustainability. To ensure exhaustive sustainability assessment, all the energy equivalents and environmental coefficients associated with agricultural inputs were derived from established conversion factors reported in the literature. Water Use Efficiency was determined bsed on grain yield relative to the total volume of irrigation water applied during the growing season. The environmental impact index was estimated based on greenhouse gas emissions associated with the use of major agricultural inputs, enabling a comparative evaluation of management performance from both resource-use and environmental perspectives. The integration of deterministic efficiency calculations with probabilistic sensitivity analysis provided a robust framework for identifying the most influential factors affecting the sustainability of quinoa production under arid and semi-arid conditions. Results Optimal input management significantly reduced total energy inputs and the environmental impact index but enhanced energy and water use efficiencies. Specifically, total system input energy was estimated at 20,208 MJ ha⁻¹ whereas output energy from quinoa grain reached 49,406 MJ ha⁻¹, resulting in an EUE of 2.44. Water use efficiency was calculated at 0.81 kg m⁻³, indicating effective water utilization throughout the growing season. The environmental impact index (EII) was calculated at 2,821 kg CO₂-eq ha⁻¹, demonstrating a substantial reduction in environmental burden. Sensitivity analysis revealed that system sustainability was most responsive to variations in WUE and EUE, highlighting the critical role of precise management of water and energy inputs in arid and semi-arid cropping systems. Conclusion The findings highlight the pivotal role of optimal management of inputs for enhancing energy and water efficiencies and mitigating environmental impacts in quinoa cultivation. A holistic approach integrating precise irrigation scheduling and judicious input application can substantially improve the sustainability of quinoa production in water-limited regions. These results provide valuable insights for policymakers and land managers seeking sustainable agricultural practices and resource-efficient cropping strategies. Furthermore, the integration of energy, water, and environmental indicators in evaluating quinoa production systems provides a comprehensive framework for assessing agricultural sustainability under resource-constrained conditions. The results of this study suggest that improving input-use strategies not only enhances production efficiency but also contributes to reduced ecological footprint of crop production. It is, therefore, essential to adopt such integrated management approaches in order to develop resilient and sustainable farming systems, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions that face increasing pressures from climate change and water scarcity. با افزایش محدودیت منابع آب و انرژی و نیاز به توسعه کشاورزی پایدار در مناطق خشک و نیمه‌خشک، مدیریت مصرف بهینه آب و نهاده‌های کشاورزی در تولید کینوا اهمیت ویژه‌ای یافته است. هدف این پژوهش، ارزیابی اثر مدیریت بهینه مصرف نهاده‌ها بر پایداری کشت کینوا با تمرکز بر بهره‌وری انرژی (EUE)، کارایی مصرف آب(WUE) و شاخص محیطزیستی (EII) بود. این مطالعه بهصورت لایسیمتری و تحت مدیریت کنترل‌شده انجام شد. انرژی ورودی سیستم شامل انرژی ناشی از مصرف سوخت، آب، برق، کود و سم، بذر و نیروی انسانی و انرژی خروجی شامل انرژی حاصل از عملکرد دانه کینوا در نظر گرفته شد. شاخص‌های بهره‌وری انرژی، کارایی مصرف آب و شاخص محیطزیستی بر اساس روابط استاندارد محاسبه گردیدند. نتایج نشان داد که مدیریت بهینه مصرف نهاده‌ها در کشت کینوا منجر به کاهش چشمگیر انرژی ورودی و شاخص محیطزیستی و افزایش بهره‌وری انرژی و کارایی مصرف آب شد. به‌طور مشخص، انرژی ورودی سیستم برابر 20209/8 مگاژول بر هکتار بود، در حالی که انرژی خروجی حاصل از محصول برابر 49406/7 مگاژول بر هکتار برآورد شد که منجر به بهره‌وری انرژی (EUE) برابر با 2/44 شد. کارایی مصرف آب (WUE) نیز برابر 0/81کیلوگرم بر مترمکعب محاسبه شد که نشان‌دهنده استفاده مؤثر از آب در طول فصل رشد است. شاخص محیطزیستی (EII) نیز با مقدار 2821/6 کیلوگرم دیاکسیدکربن معادل در هکتار کاهش قابل توجه اثرات محیطزیستی را نشان می‌دهد. مقادیر به‌دست‌آمده برای شاخص‌ها بیانگر نقش تعیین‌کننده مدیریت آبیاری و مصرف نهاده‌ها در افزایش پایداری تولید کینوا هستند. تحلیل حساسیت با استفاده از شبیه‌سازی مونت‌کارلو نشان داد که پایداری سیستم بیشترین حساسیت را نسبت به تغییرات شاخص‌های کارایی مصرف آب و بهره‌وری انرژی دارد، که بر اهمیت مدیریت دقیق این دو مؤلفه در سیستم‌های زراعی مناطق خشک و نیمه‌خشک تأکید می‌کند.

https://lmj.areeo.ac.ir/article_135076_2293f73679abbb550fab6b73e07e0e44.pdf