Effects of Different Types of Vegetation Cover on Soil Organic Matter Components and its Biological Characteristics (A Case Study of Mountain Ecosystems in Nowshahr, Mazandaran Province)

Document Type : Research

Authors

1 Associate Prof., Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University.

2 Ph.D. Student, Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University.

3 Ph.D., Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University.

Abstract

Soil, as the bed and medium of plant growth, plays a vital role in providing services to communities that depend on natural ecosystems. Its qualitative characteristics, in turn, strongly depend on the vegetation cover in the area. The present study explores the effects of different types of vegetation cover on soil organic matter components and biological characteristics, using the mountainous region of Central Alborz in Nowshahr, Mazandaran Province, as its study site. To achieve this, forest, forest-rangeland ecotone, and rangeland habitats were identified in summer 2023 and three one-hectare plots were selected in each to collect four soil samples (to make a total of 12 soil samples per habitat) from a 30 × 30 cm surface area and a depth of 10 cm. Variance analysis revealed significant differences (p<0.05) among the soils taken from the three different habitats. Compared to rangeland soil, forest soils exhibited a higher soil moisture (by 11%) but a lower temperature (by 8°C). Moreover, samples from the forest habitat showed the lowest bulk density (1.16) but the highest porosity (0.56), stability (53.72), and mean weight diameter (0.39). Meanwhile, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium levels in the forest soils were by 168%, 108.3%, 91.1%, and 221%, respectively, higher than those in rangeland soils. Similarly, the activities of urease, acid phosphatase, arylsulfatase, and invertase enzymes in forest soil were by 1.69, 2.35, 2.02, and 1.88 times, respectively, higher than those in rangeland soil. Moreover, forest soils were characterized by higher microbial indices, including basal respiration and stimulated respiration as well as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus contents, which were by 2.84, 1.6, 1.9, 2.35, and 2.29 times greater than those recorded for rangeland soil. Earthworm population and biomass in the forest soil were by 5.84 and 7.19 times greater than those observed in the rangeland one, which recorded the lowest among the three soils tested. Additionally, mites, springtails, and nematodes in the forest soil outnumbered those in rangeland soil by 3.46, 3.57, and 6.13 times, respectively. The results of principal component analysis revealed that the first and second axes together explained 52.37% of the variation. These findings confirm that forest vegetation cover establishes greater correlations with higher levels of organic matter components, fertility indices, and biological activities. Overall, it may be claimed that, due to their high capacity for maintaining soil fertility and biodiversity, forest vegetation cover can be considered a suitable option for the restoration of degraded habitats in the study region and similar areas, and that this finding should receive due consideration by managers and decision-makers.

Keywords

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 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.01.018

Land Management Journal
Volume 12, Issue 2
March 2025
Pages 103-127

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