Editorial
ترویجی
Mohammad Reza Mahboobi; Zahra Teimouri Koohsar
Abstract
It is the main objective of the present study to identify the factors affecting farmers’ unwillingness to convert their sloping agricultural lands into orchards. The study is a descriptive and survey one using a statistical population of 250 farmers in Galikesh County, Golestan Province, who rejected ...
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It is the main objective of the present study to identify the factors affecting farmers’ unwillingness to convert their sloping agricultural lands into orchards. The study is a descriptive and survey one using a statistical population of 250 farmers in Galikesh County, Golestan Province, who rejected the idea of changing their sloping crop lands to orchards. For this purpose, 150 farmers were selected using the multi-stage random sampling method and the Krejcie and Morgan Table and a questionnaire was used to collect data in 2021. The content and face validities of the questionnaire were confirmed using the opinions of extension, soil protection, and horticulture experts at Golestan Agricultural Jihad Organization. The validity of the questionnaire was determined using Cronbach's alpha method to obtain a coefficient of 0.85 and data analysis was performed using SPSS19. Based on the results obtained, the following 12 factors affected farmer unwillingness listed in a descending order of significance: non-availability of production tools, farmers’ subculture, complex cultivation operations, lack of government support, investment cost, lack of confidence in experts, lack of knowledge, non-compliance behavior, non-observable operation results, sparsely distributed agricultural lands, uneconomical results, and lack of confidence in responsible government agencies. These parameters explained about 75.189% of the total variance among the factors involved. Also, the results indicated that extending low-interest loans, high-quality and high-yield seedlings, water availability, and tools and implements to farmers as well as communication with influential local leaders and trustees to solicit their opinions during the various stages of protection operations may be suggested as helpful in convincing farmers to accept the conversion.
مروری
Yaser Safari
Abstract
Food security is a multidisciplinary concept aimed at assessing the individuals' access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food. Achieving sustainable food security requires simultaneous consideration of a vast range of environmental, economic, social, and political aspects and their possible interactions. ...
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Food security is a multidisciplinary concept aimed at assessing the individuals' access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food. Achieving sustainable food security requires simultaneous consideration of a vast range of environmental, economic, social, and political aspects and their possible interactions. Accurate assessment of the present situation of food security at regional, national, and global levels is the prerequisite to the adoption of targeted strategies in future. Given the pervasiveness of food security, multiple indices have been developed by certain international organizations to measure the degree of food insecurity. Yet, what these seem to share is their neglect or even total ignorance of the role(s) natural resources, especially soil, play in food production. Application of such indices should consequently lead to inaccurate and misleading results, especially in areas confronted with environmental constraints and land degradation problems. Accordingly, the present paper aims to review and identify the indicators used in every index in an attempt to evaluate the extent to which the food security indices most commonly used in Iran address food production. Furthermore, the study pursues to determine accurately the impact of each single aspect of soil degradation on food security dimensions and, thereby, stress the necessity for paying heed to the key role soil plays in achieving food security, especially in Iran.
ترویجی
Parsa Arabkhazaeli; Ghorban VahabzadahKbriya; Seyed Ramzan Mousavi; jalal zandi
Abstract
Man is regarded a major source of adverse impacts on nature; a fundamental strategy in tourism should, therefore, be the control of tourist behavior at natural sites. The carrying capacity of a promenade and its use should be proportional to its ecological capacity; otherwise, destruction will result. ...
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Man is regarded a major source of adverse impacts on nature; a fundamental strategy in tourism should, therefore, be the control of tourist behavior at natural sites. The carrying capacity of a promenade and its use should be proportional to its ecological capacity; otherwise, destruction will result. Estimation of the carrying capacity of natural recreational sites allows planners to know the permissible number of tourists that can enter any recreational resort. This estimate will serve as a measure of preventing decline in the natural capacity of ecosystems and a means of providing desirable tourism services to visitors in a sustainable manner. In order to attain and maintain the appropriate carrying capacity, certain principles should be observed and necessary corrective and protective measures taken. These include restoration of vegetation as well as water and soil conservation, among others, that should be placed at the top of tourism planning of a given resort. In the present study, the recreational carrying capacity of Kani Mamatekeh in Sanandaj watershed park was determined. According to the results obtained, the physical carrying capacity within the recreational site was 19272 visitors per day and 7034280 people per year while the daily and annual real carrying capacities of the region across the intensive recreation area were 2767 and 431186, respectively. It was also found that the physical carrying capacity would reduce by as much as 86% if the ecological constraints in the watershed park including number of rainy days, number of frosty days, bioclimatic conditions of the region, and the mating seasons for the wildlife were considered.
ترویجی
Farhad Bayat; Gholamreza Peykani Machiani; Mohammad Reza Jahansuz; Saeed Soleimani
Abstract
Nowadays, agro-industrial complexes play an important role in food security, especially in developing countries, due to their advantages such as facilitating planning, increasing food production, reducing consumer costs, encouraging innovation and technological development, creating job opportunities, ...
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Nowadays, agro-industrial complexes play an important role in food security, especially in developing countries, due to their advantages such as facilitating planning, increasing food production, reducing consumer costs, encouraging innovation and technological development, creating job opportunities, and enhancing food availability. The current study was performed to develop a cultivation program that would minimize water consumption and maximize income at Khorramdareh agro-industrial complex covering an area of 1262 ha in Zanjan Province. The ordinary least squares method (POLS) due to Peykani (سال انتشار؟؟) was used in Lingo v.18 to analyze the economic data sets (the 2100-2020 time series) on irrigated crops including wheat, barley, corn, canola, and alfalfa at the complex under study. The results indicated an increase of 118.18% in the area under barley cultivation. In contrast, the areas under wheat, canola, maize, and alfalfa cultivations decreased by 33.33%, 73.19%, 34.79%, and 20.44%, respectively. It was also found that the optimized cropping pattern developed for the complex would decrease the total cultivated area (by 25.87%), water consumption (25.32%), machine working hours (25.70%), labor (25.87%), as well as fertilizer (30.50%) and pesticide (39.45%) consumptions compared to those measured for the current cropping pattern although the current net income would remain almost invariable (showing an increase of only +0.09%) while no crop would be removed from the current pattern. It was, therefore, concluded that the estimations seemed realistic.
ترویجی
azita Gheibi por; Nasrin Gharahi; rafat zare; rasol zamani
Abstract
Fingerprint method determines the contribution of sediment in the land units. In this method, a suitable composite (set) of diagnostic properties and a multivariate mixing model are employed to estimate the relative contribution of sediment sources to sediments transported to watershed outlet. The purpose ...
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Fingerprint method determines the contribution of sediment in the land units. In this method, a suitable composite (set) of diagnostic properties and a multivariate mixing model are employed to estimate the relative contribution of sediment sources to sediments transported to watershed outlet. The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of different sediment sources in the Beheshtabad watershed with 308 km2 area. For this purpose, 36 soil samples were taken from sedimentary sources (0-5 cm depth) and 10 sediment samples from watershed outlet. In each of the sources, initial traces were evaluated by Kruskal-Wallis test. In the second stage, an optimal combination of tracers for each source was obtained using diagnostic analysis functions, and finally, in the next step, the contribution of each user in sediment production for each sampling method was determined using Collins et al. model. The contribution of agricultural, rangeland, rainfed and residential land use was equal to 67.88, 7.63, 19.40, and 5.10 %, respectively. Results showed agricultural has maximum share in sediment with 67.88percent. Due to the fact that the contribution of sediment in agricultural lands in the study area is high, special attention should be paid to the way of agricultural operations.
ترویجی
Maryam Ghanbari; Farahnaz Rostami; shahpar Geravandi
Abstract
The present quantitative-qualitative study tries to identify the stimuli that affect the change of agricultural lands control. The data were collected with; depth unstructured individual interviews, focus groups, group discussion with 32 landlords and direct observations. These data were coded using ...
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The present quantitative-qualitative study tries to identify the stimuli that affect the change of agricultural lands control. The data were collected with; depth unstructured individual interviews, focus groups, group discussion with 32 landlords and direct observations. These data were coded using the conventional content analysis method and finally 40 key concepts were extracted related to effective stimuli. Then, the identified concepts in the form of a questionnaire were given to the cases of study. Data were collected and converted to fuzzy numbers according to the type and intensity of the effect. In the next step, the matrix was implemented obtained in Mental Modeler software and the corresponding fuzzy cognitive map was designed. The results showed that the most important stimuli in changing agricultural land control are: Landlord age, uncertainty about fixed income, landlord quality of life, land consolidation and strict rules for tenants. Also, according to the results, the most important Impressionable stimuli in changing the control of arable lands include; agricultural risks, youth migration, production unit cost and inefficiency of government agencies. According to the research results, planners and policymakers are advised to provide more facilities for young people in rural areas due to the importance of owner age in changing the control of agricultural lands, and by empowering and skills of young people and familiarizing them with income-generating crops. He encouraged them to stay in the village and create attractions.
ترویجی
Amin Haydari; Ali Beheshti Ale Agha; Fatemeh Rakhsh; Hamidreza Chaghazardi
Abstract
Tillage is an important component of soil management that affects crop production. In addition, tillage can contribute to agricultural sustainability and improve soil quality by altering the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil. One of the most useful tools for assessing soil management ...
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Tillage is an important component of soil management that affects crop production. In addition, tillage can contribute to agricultural sustainability and improve soil quality by altering the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil. One of the most useful tools for assessing soil management status in different tillage systems is soil quality assessment, and the use of quantitative indices is one of the most appropriate methods for determining and comparing soil quality. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of different tillage systems on soil quality at two depths of 0-25 and 25-50 cm. The experiment was factorial in a randomized complete block design in the Campus Agriculture and Experimental Natural Resources. The results showed that the tillage system impacted all the studied traits with different intensities. By changing the tillage system from traditional to more conservative, the soil properties had a positive change, which resulted in improved quality. The percentage of increase and the highest variation among the biological characteristics of microbial biomass carbon was 53.49% and 42.45% respectively. Cumulative and developmental indices had the highest values in conservation, reduction, and traditional tillage systems, respectively. Overall, the cumulative quality index was more accurate in determining soil quality.
مروری
Shahla Rahmani Siyalarz; ali keshavarzi
Abstract
Soil salinity is one of the most important environmental problems, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Soil salinity is caused naturally and/or by humans. High soil salinity negatively affects crop growth and productivity and ultimately leads to land degradation. Monitoring and mapping of soil ...
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Soil salinity is one of the most important environmental problems, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Soil salinity is caused naturally and/or by humans. High soil salinity negatively affects crop growth and productivity and ultimately leads to land degradation. Monitoring and mapping of soil salinity Due to the serious problems of spreading this issue to regional ecology, food security and agricultural development in the early stages, it is necessary to implement an effective soil rehabilitation program to prevent and reduce soil salinity. Remote sensing science performs better than traditional methods for assessing soil salinity and offers fast and cost-effective techniques for monitoring and mapping soil salinity. Soil salinity can be identified using direct indices that are related to the properties of surface soil salts as well as indirect indices. The aim of this research is to review the challenges of selecting appropriate indices in soil salinity studies through the investigation of researches conducted in the field of soil salinity and spectral indices used in soil salinity cases, which are helpful in land management at the regional scale. It is worth noting that in this regard, the most common vegetation and salinity indices used to detect and mapping of soil salinity were discussed. Many researchers have used different remote sensing indicators to map soil salinity. Among these, BI Brightness index, SI salinity index, NDVI normalized differential vegetation index and NDSI normalized differential salinity index showed the highest correlation between data obtained from satellite images in salinity-affected soils. Choosing the most appropriate band or indices depends on the soil conditions, geographical area, climatic conditions, satellite data, physiography of the area and the type of land use.
ترویجی
Mohammad Ghasemzadeh Ganjehie; Saeeed Khavari Khorasani; Seyyed Fazel Fazeli Kakhki
Abstract
Improving physical structures and stimulating of soil micro-organisms through adding organic fertilizers has led to facilitating the release of nutrients and increasing plant growth. In order to investigate the effect of organic fertilizers (compost, cow and poultry) and urea on some morphological traits ...
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Improving physical structures and stimulating of soil micro-organisms through adding organic fertilizers has led to facilitating the release of nutrients and increasing plant growth. In order to investigate the effect of organic fertilizers (compost, cow and poultry) and urea on some morphological traits and yield components of corn plant, an experimental was carried out in split plot arrangement base on randomized complete block design with three replications in the Torogh station of Khorasan Razavi Agricultural Research and Education Center in 2019-2021. The main plots were urban waste compost organic fertilizer (16 and 32 t.ha-1), cow (24 and 48 t.ha-1) and poultry (9.5 and 19 t.ha-1), urea chemical fertilizer (225 and 450 kg.ha-1) and control (no use any fertilizer) and subplot were two corn cultivars (KSC704 and KSC260). The results showed that the use of organic fertilizers significantly (p≤0.01, p≤0.05) improved diameter and length of cob, dry and wet forage yield. The highest plant height (285 cm) was obtained from the impact of 24 t.ha-1 of cow manure in KSC704 cultivar. Also, the maximum wet and dry biomass (75 and 30.5 t.ha-1, respectively) and the maximum ear length (23.1 cm) was obtained from the effect of 32 t.ha-1 of compost in KSC704 cultivar. The lowest amount of dry matter yield was observed in KSC260 variety and using different levels of urea fertilizer and control treatments. In general, the use of organic fertilizers (compost, poultry and cow manure) showed better results in the KSC704 cultivar than of the KSC260 cultivar in the examined traits. There was a positive and significant correlation between dry forage and height (r = 0.54**), cob length (r = 0.57**) and stem diameter (r = 0.71**). In general, the consumption of maximum 32 tons of compost per hectare in commercial KSC704 cultivar has a significant advantage compared with other treatments.
ترویجی
AMIR moradinejad; mahdie karimi; rashin pourmatin
Abstract
Shortage of water resources as a limiting factor in farm production plays an important role in determining the type of agricultural activities possible in a region. Rainwater harvesting is one of the most significant management techniques to combat water scarcity. The major practice in this field involves ...
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Shortage of water resources as a limiting factor in farm production plays an important role in determining the type of agricultural activities possible in a region. Rainwater harvesting is one of the most significant management techniques to combat water scarcity. The major practice in this field involves the establishment of rain fed gardens of Damask rose with due heed paid to the implementation of such relevant techniques as rainwater collection, rainwater conversion to runoff, water storage, and evaporation control. It is the objective of the present study to determine the effects of rainwater runoff harvesting surface systems on the development of Damask rose cultivations in rainy conditions as well as the methods that can be adopted for its extension. The study was carried out over a period of five years using three treatments and five replications on sloping lands. For this purpose, an area with a slope of about 20% was chosen. The water harvesting surface systems including cleaned ground treatment using filters in seedling holes, treatment of semi-insulated catchment surfaces using filters in seedling holes, and the control were implemented in accordance with local practices. The parameters of height and canopy were measured annually during the five years of the study period. The results showed that the treatment with the semi-insulating surface system outperformed the others. This was attributed to the effects of spring rainfall on filter treatments and semi-insulated filter systems.