نوع مقاله : فنی ترویجی

نویسنده

استادیار پژوهش موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب

چکیده

پژوهش جدی بر روی خاک در هلند در اواسط قرن نوزدهم آغاز و در اواسط قرن بیستم با تدریس دروس دانشگاهی و تاسیس مؤسسات پژوهشی علوم خاک بسرعت گسترش یافت. جامعه هلندی و جوامع اروپای غربی در طول قرن گذشته از جامعه صنعتی ابتدائی با غالبیت ویژگی های روستایی و کشاورزی به جامعه ای پسا صنعتی که در آن خدمات نقشی کلیدی بازی می کند، تبدیل شده اند. هدف این مقاله تحلیل تاریخ توسعه علوم خاک و کنکاش در ارتباط بین علوم خاک و توسعه در بافت اجتماعی هلند یا بافت اروپای غربی است تا نکات لازم را برای لحاظ در توسعه آتی علوم خاک فراهم نماید. با این نگاه در روند توسعه در هلند و دیگر کشورهای اروپای غربی از زمان جنگ جهانی دوم سه دوره ی توسعه شامل موج تولید گرا[1](1970-1945)، موج زیست محیطی[2](1970 تا اواخر دهه 1980) و موج سوم(اواخر دهه 1980 تا کنون) در ارتباط با اراضی تشخیص داده شد. این سه دوره ی توسعه ای به صورت سه موج متوالی بتدریج بروز و ظهور یافته، کم رنگ شده و نیز واجد همپوشانی هایی بوده اند. در مدت مشابه علوم خاک بعنوان بازتابی از توسعه عمومی جامعه دو موج توسعه ای مشمل بر موج عرضه محوری علوم خاک[3] و موج تقاضا محوری علوم خاک[4] را براساس تغییر در عناوین پژوهشی، کمیت پژوهشهای خاک، تمرکز موضوعات یا سبک پژوهشها از سر گذرانده است.



 

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Soil Science and Society in the Dutch Context

نویسنده [English]

  • m.r b

چکیده [English]

In the Netherlands, serious soil investigations were started in the mid-1800s and in the mid-1900s with university courses and the establishment of research institutes soil science rapidly expanded. The Dutch and Western European society have changed dramatically in the past century from and early industrial society with a dominantly rural and agricultural character to a post-industrial society where services play a key role. The aim of this paper is to contribute to an analysis of the historical developments in soil science, confined to the broad relations between soil science and developments in society in this special context to provide some notes on the future of soil science. To this end, three development waves including the production wave (1945-1970), the environmental wave(1970-late 1980s) and the third wave(late 198s-present) were distinguished that have taken place in the Netherlands and in other Western European countries since World War II in relation to the land. These successive waves gradually come and disappear and may overlap overtime. Regarding development in soil science as a reflection of general developments in society, two waves including supply-driven wave and market-driven wave were distinguished on the basis of shifts in research topics, in quantity of soil research, focus of attention, or modes.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Development
  • Productionism
  • Environmentalism
  • Supply and Market-driven Waves
  1. Aarts, H.F.M., B. Habekotté, G. J. Hilhorst, G.J. Koskamp, F.C. Van Der Schans& C.K. De Vries, 1999. Efficient resource management in dairy farming on sandy soil. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science47:153-167
  2. Bouma, J., 1993. Soil behavior under field conditions- differences in perception and their effects on research. Geoderma 60:1-14
  3. Bouma, J., 2001a. The role of soil science in the land-use negotiation process. Soil Use and Management17:1-6
  4. Bouma, J., 2001b. The new role of soil science in a network society. Soil Science 166:874-879
  5. Bouma, J., P.A.Finke, M.R. Hoosbeek & A. Breeuwsma, 1998. Soil and water quality at different scales: concepts, challenges, conclusions and recommendations. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 50:5-11
  6. Bruntland, G.H., 1987. Our common future. World Commission on Environment and Development. Oxford University Press.
  7. Buurman, P. & J. Sevink (Eds.).1995. From soil map to information system. Wageningen Pers, Wageningen, 192 pp. (In Dutch)
  8. Campbell, A., 1994. Landcare: Communities shaping the land and the future. Allen and Unwin pty Ltd, St Leonards, 344pp.
  9. Greenland, D. J., 1991. The contributions of soil science to society-past, present, and future. Soil Science 151:19-23
  10. Harmsen, K., 1990. The institute for soil fertility research 1890-1990. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 38:205-220
  11. Hartemink, A.E., 2001. Publishing science- past, present and future. A guest editorial. Outlook on Agriculture30:231-237
  12. Hartemink, A.E., 2002. Soil science in tropical and temperate regions-some differences and similarities. Advances in Agronomy77:269-292.
  13. Heuvelink, G.B.M. & R.Webster, 2001. modelling soil variation: past, present, and future. Geoderma 100:269-301
  14. Hilhorst, G.J., J. Oenema & H. Van Keulen. 2001. Nitrogen management on experimental dairy farm 'De Marke'; farming system, objectives and results. Netherlands Journal of Agriculture Science49:135-151.
  15. Knibbe, M.T., 2000. Feed fertilizer, and agriculture productivity in the Netherlands, 1880-1930. Agricultural History 74:39-57
  16. Lutz, W., W. Sanderson & S. Scherbov, 1997. Doubling of world population unlikely. Nature387:803-805
  17. NJAS, 1974. Soil fertility and plant nutrition. Papers dedicated to Professor Dr A.C.Schuffelen. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science22:225-324.
  18. Schuffelen, A.C., 1953. Preface. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science1:1
  19. Tinker, P.B., 1985. Soil science in a changing world. Journal of soil science 36:1-8
  20. Van Baren, J.H.V., A.E.Hartemink & P.B. Tinker, 2000. 75 years The International Society of soil Science. Geoderma 96:1-18
  21. Van Ouwerkerk, C. & F.R. Boone,1990. Professor Henk Kuipers: Gifted architect of soil tillage research. Soil & Tillage Research16:3-21
  22. Vereijiken, P., 1997. A methodological way of prototyping integrated and ecological arable farming systems (I/EAFS) in interaction with pilot farms. European Journal of Agronomy 7: 235-250
  23. Yaalon, D.H. & S. Berkowicz (Eds.), 1997. History of soil science. International Perspectives. Catena Verlag, Reiskirchen, 438pp