نقش بیوچار در تغییرات نیتروژن خاک

نوع مقاله : فنی ترویجی

نویسنده

استادیار بخش تحقیقات مدیریت منابع، مؤسسه تحقیقات کشاورزی دیم کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، مراغه، ایران.

چکیده

بیوچار، یک ماده‌‌ جامد سیاه‌رنگ دارای کربن پایدار است که اثرات مثبت متعددی بر ویژگی‌های فیزیکی، شیمیایی و زیستی خاک دارد. ازجمله اثرهای مثبت بیوچار بر خاک، تحت‌تأثیر قرار دادن تحرک و پویایی عناصر غذایی ازجمله نیتروژن در خاک است. بیوچار دارای سطوح با بار الکتریکی منفی بوده و می‌تواند یون‌های آمونیوم (NH4+) و مولکول‌های آلی کوچک دارای نیتروژن را جذب و نگهداری کند. همچنین با رهاسازی مقادیری نیتروژن به خاک و با تغییر نسبت کربن به نیتروژن (C/N)، می‌تواند تعادل معدنی‌شدن-آلی‌شدن نیتروژن را در خاک تحت‌تأثیر قرار دهد. علاوه‌بر آن، بیوچار با تغییر pH، ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی، قابلیت هدایت الکتریکی، کربن آلی، فعالیت زیستی، فراهمی عناصر غذایی، تخلخل، تهویه، روابط آبی و سایر ویژگی‌های خاک، به‌طور غیرمستقیم چرخه و پویایی نیتروژن را در خاک تحت‌تأثیر قرار می‌دهد و با تأمین آب، هوا و عناصر غذایی مورد نیاز ریزجانداران خاک، می‌تواند به‌عنوان زیستگاه مناسبی برای ریزجانداران خاک عمل کرده و تثبیت زیستی نیتروژن را بهبود بخشد. بیوچار همچنین با کاهش تصعید نیتروژن خاک، انتشار گاز گلخانه‌ای N2O از خاک را کاهش می‌دهد. به‌طورکلی، بیوچار با نیتروژن دارای برهم‌کنش هم‌افزایی بوده و می‌تواند میزان مصرف کودهای نیتروژنی را کاهش دهد. بااین‌حال، تغییرات نیتروژن با افزودن بیوچار به خاک، به‌ویژه خاک‌های آهکی هنوز به‌خوبی مشخص نشده و پژوهش‌های بیشتری نیاز است تا تأثیر بیوچارهای تولید شده از زیست‌توده‌ها و شرایط دمایی مختلف بر تحرک و فراهمی عناصر غذایی به‌ویژه نیتروژن در خاک‌های آهکی مورد بررسی قرار گیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Role of Biochar in Soil Nitrogen Cycle

نویسنده [English]

  • Yaser Azimzadeh
Dryland Agricultural Research Institute (DARI)
چکیده [English]

Biochar is a black solid containing stable carbon with many positive effects on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil. One important positive effect of biochar on soil is its contribution to nutrient (e.g., nitrogen) mobility and dynamics in soil. Negatively charged on the surface, biochar is capable of adsorbing and storing ammonium ions (NH4+) and small nitrogen-containing organic molecules. It also releases nitrogen into the soil to change the carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N), whereby the mineralization-immobilization balance of nitrogen is affected. Moreover, biochar indirectly affects soil nitrogen cycle and dynamics by changing such soil properties as pH, cation exchange capacity, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, biological activity, nutrient availability, porosity, ventilation, and water relations, among others. It is through these changes that water, air, and nutrients are provided to make soil a suitable habitat favorable to soil microorganisms that help improve biological fixation of nitrogen. Biochar also reduces N2O emission, as a greenhouse gas, from the soil by reducing soil nitrogen sublimation. In general, biochar has a synergistic interaction with nitrogen and can enhance nitrogen use efficiency to reduce nitrogen fertilizer consumption. However, only scant knowledge is presently available on soil nitrogen changes induced by biochar, especially in calcareous soils. Further research is needed to investigate the effects of biochars produced from different types of biomass under different temperatures on the mobility and availability of nutrients, especially nitrogen, in calcareous soils.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Pyrolysis
  • Nitrogen cycle
  • Soil properties

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مدیریت اراضی
دوره 11، شماره 2
دی 1402
صفحه 265-285

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