مروری بر وضعیت شوری خاک در اراضی دیم ایران

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار مؤسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران

2 استادیار مؤسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران

3 دانشیار مؤسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران.

4 استادیار مؤسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

حدود 80 درصد اراضی کشاورزی جهان به‎صورت دیم کشت می‎شوند و این اراضی نزدیک به60 درصد نیاز غذایی بشر را تأمین می‎کنند. با توجه به پراکنش نامناسب بارش در مناطق خشک و نیمه‎خشک، جلوگیری از شور شدن خاک و آب این اراضی بسیار ضروری است. اراضی دیم یکی از مهم‎ترین منابع برای تولید در بخش کشاورزی به‎ویژه در شرایط کنونی است که توسعه اراضی آبی با محدودیت روبه‎رو باشد. یکی از محدودیت‎های مهم که می‌تواند در توسعه و استفاده از این اراضی مؤثر باشد، شوری خاک است که افزون بر محدودیت‎های دیگر (کمبود رطوبت و ...)، می­تواند باعث کاهش تولید در این اراضی شود. به‎منظور آگاهی از وضعیت شوری اراضی دیم کشور، در یک پژوهش ملی تعداد 849 پایگاه مطالعاتی انتخاب و نمونه‎های خاک از اعماق مختلف تهیه و افزون بر هدایت الکتریکی، برخی ویژگی‎های فیزیکی و شیمیایی آن‌ها نیز اندازه‎گیری شد. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین و کمترین مقدار شوری در اراضی دیم با کاربری زراعی (عمق 30-0 سانتیمتر) به‎ترتیب برابر 97/5 و 0/19 دسی‎زیمنس بر متر است. میانگین شوری خاک سطحی این اراضی (عمق 30-0 سانتیمتر) برابر 2/28 دسی‎زیمنس بر متر بوده و بیش از 50 درصد خاک­های این اراضی دارای شوری بیش از 0/6 دسی‎زیمنس بر متر بودند. همچنین، نتایج تحلیل مؤلفه اصلی نشان داد تغییرپذیری شوری خاک در اراضی دیم، تحت تأثیر ویژگی‎های اقلیمی (مثل دما و بارش و سایر شاخص‎های منتج‎ شده از این دو عامل شامل شاخص‎های بارش استانداردشده و خشک‌سالی مؤثر) و همچنین ویژگی‎های خاک (کربن آلی، رس و مقادیر املاح محلول به‎ویژه سدیم) بودند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

A Survey of Soil Salinity in Iran's Drylands

نویسندگان [English]

  • Saeed Saadat 1
  • Leila Esmaeelnejad 2
  • Hamed Rezaei 3
  • Rasoul Mirkhani 4
1 Associate Prof.; Soil and Water Research Institute; Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization; Tehran, Iran
2 Assistant Prof.; Soil and Water Research Institute; Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization; Tehran, Iran
3 Associate Prof.; Soil and Water Research Institute; Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization; Tehran,
4 Assistant Prof.; Soil and Water Research Institute; Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran; Iran
چکیده [English]

About 80 percent of the world's agricultural lands, supplying nearly 60 percent of all human food, is under rain-fed cultivation. Considering the uneven distribution of global rainfall, arid and semi-arid areas call for measures to prevent soil and water salinization. Being one of the most important resources for agricultural production, especially in the face of the current restrictions on the development of irrigated lands, drylands are especially stressed by soil salinity as an important limitation on dry farming, which causes decreased production especially when combined with other limitations such as lack of moisture. In order to gain an enlightened knowledge of the salinity status of rain-fed lands in Iran, a research project of national-scale including 849 study sites was performed and soil samples were collected from different depths across the study sites to determine their Electrical Conductivity (EC) as well as soil physical and chemical characteristics. The results showed that the highest and lowest salinity levels of the surface soil (depths of 0-30 cm) in rain-fed lands under cultivation were 97.5 and 0.19 dS/m, respectively, with an average value of 2.28 dS/m while more than 50% of the soils collected exhibited salinity levels greater than 0.6 dS/m. The results of principal component analysis showed that the variability of soil salinity in rain-fed lands were affected by climatic parameters (such as temperature and precipitation as well as indices resulting from their interactions including standardized precipitation indices and effective drought). Moreover, soil characteristics such as organic carbon, clay, and soluble salt (especially sodium) contents were found to have due effects on salinity level.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Climate
  • Dissolved solutes
  • Monitoring
  • Organic carbon
  • Sodium

مراجع

  1. Aksoy, s., Yildirim, A., Gorji, T., Hamzehpour, N., Tanik, A., and Sertel, E., 2022. Assessing the performance of machine learning algorithms for soil salinity mapping in Google Earth Engine platform using Sentinel-2A and Landsat-8 OLI data. Advances in Space Research
  2. Ali Ehyaei, M., 1998. Description of soil chemical decomposition methods. Extension publication of Tehran Agricultural Education and Extension Research Organization, (1024), 0-0. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/458282/fa. (in Persian).
  3. Bahreini, F., Panahi, F., Jafari, M., & Malekian, A. (2018). Identification of vegetation-vulnerable areas to drought using remote sensing (Case study: Boushehr Province). Journal of Range and Watershed Management, 71(2), 341-354
  4. Balasundram, S. K., Husni, M. H. A., and Ahmad, O. , (2008). Application of geostatistical tools of qualifies spatial variability of selected soil chemical properties from a cultivated tropical peat. Journal of Agronomy, 7(1), 82-87.
  5. Banaei, M. H., 2002. Map of Iran's soil resources and potential. Soil and Water Research Institute, Tehran, Iran, 6 pages. (in Persian).
  6. Bartlett, M. S., (1954). A note on the multiplying factors for various chi square approximations. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society.16, 296–298.
  7. Faizi Asl, W., 2019. Evaluation of the soil fertility status in the north-western drylands of Iran using the Nutrient Index (NIV). Journal of Water and Soil, 34 (4): 897-919. (in Persian).
  8. 2018. Handbook for saline soil management. Editors: Vargas, R., Pankova, E.I., Balyuk, S.A., Krasilnikov, P.V., and Khasankhanova, G.M.,.Published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and Lomonosov Moscow State University.
  9. Field, A., (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (3th ). London: Sage.
  10. Ghassemi, F., Jakeman A. J., and H. A., Nix. 1995. Salinization of land and water resources human causes, extent management and case studies. CAB International, UK.
  11. Hair, J. F., Black, B., Babin, B., Anderson, R. E., and Tatham, R. L., (2006). Multivariate data analysis (6th ed.). New Jersy: Prentice Hall.
  12. Jolly, I. D., McEwan, K. L., and Holland, K. L., (2008). A Review of GroundwaterSurface Water Interactions in Arid/semi-Arid Wetlands and the Consequences of Salinity for Wetland Ecology. Ecohydrol. 1, 43–58. doi:10.1002/eco.61
  13. Kaiser, H., (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39, 31–36.
  14. Keshavarz, P., Zangiabadi, M., Abbas Zadeh, M., 2014. The effect of soil clay and salinity on the relationship between soil organic carbon and wheat yield. Soil Research Journal (Soil and Water Sciences): A, 27 (3). (in Persian).
  15. Kline, R. B., (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2th ed.). New York: Guilford.
  16. Mandal, S., Vema, V. K., Kurian, C., & Sudheer, K. P., (2020). Improving the crop productivity in rainfed areas with water harvesting structures and deficit irrigation strategies. Journal of Hydrology, 124818. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124818.
  17. Molden D., Vithanage, , Fraiture C., Faures J.M., Gordon L., Molle F., Peden, D., 2011. 4.21 - Water Availability and Its Use in Agriculture, Editor(s): Peter Wilderer, Treatise on Water Science, Elsevier, Pages 707-732, ISBN 9780444531995, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53199-5.00108. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444531995001081).
  18. Momeni, A., 2011. Geographical distribution and salinity levels of Iran's soil resources. Journal of Soil Research (Soil and Water Sciences): A, 24 (3): 215-203, (in Persian).
  19. Muhetaer, n., Nurmemet, I., Abulaiti, A., Xiao, S., and Zhao, J., 2022. A Quantifying Approach to Soil Salinity Based on a Radar Feature Space Model Using ALOS PALSAR-2 Data.  Remote Sensing. Volume 14, issue 2. 
  20. Ovalles, F. A., and Collins, M. E., (1988). Variability of northwest Florida soils by principal component Soil Science Society of America Journal, 52(5), 1430-1435.
  21. Saadat, S., 2019. Final report of agricultural soil quality monitoring. Soil and Water Research Institute. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), (in Persian).
  22. Saadat, S., Dehghany, F., Rezaei, H., Esmaeelnejad, L., and Maleki, P., 2020. Effects of salinity and Ca:Mg ratio of irrigation water on pistachio seedlings phosphorus planted under greenhouse conditions. Desert (25):1, 25-32
  23. Sharma, S., (1996). Applied multivariable techniques. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
  24. Singh, A., 2022. Soil salinity: a Global Threat to Sustainable Development. Soil use Manage. 38:39-67.
  25. Singhal Sonica, Julie Farmer, Anuj Aggarwal, JinHee Kim, Carlos Quiñonez, A Review of “Optimal Fallow Period” Guidance Across Canadian Jurisdictions, International Dental Journal, Volume 72, Issue 1, Pages 116-122, ISSN 0020-6539, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.identj.2021.03.003.
  26. Sishodia P., Sanjay Shukla, Suhas P. Wani, Wendy D. Graham, James W. Jones, Future irrigation expansion outweigh groundwater recharge gains from climate change in semi-arid India, Science of The Total Environment, Volume 635, Pages 725-740, ISSN 0048-9697, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.130.
  27. Surendran, U., Jayakumar, M., Marimuthu, S., Low cost drip irrigation: Impact on sugarcane yield, water and energy saving in semiarid tropical agro ecosystem in India, Science of The Total Environment, Volume 573, Pages 1430-1440, ISSN 0048-9697, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.144.
  28. Tabachnick, B. G., and Fidell, L. S., (2001). Using multivariate statistics. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
  29. Whipkey, C. E., Capo, R. C., Chadwick, O. A., and Stewart, B. W., (2000). The Importance of Sea spray to the Cation Budget of a Coastal Hawaiian Soil: a Strontium Isotope Approach. Chem. Geology. 168, 37–48. doi:10.1016/s00092541(00)00187-x
  30. Wilson, M.J., 2019. The importance of parent material in soil classification: A review in a historical context. Catena, 182,doi: 1016/j.catena.2019.104131.
  31. Yao Ning, Yi Li., Tianjie Lei., Lingling Peng, Drought evolution, severity and trends in mainland China over 1961–2013, Science of The Total Environment, Volumes 616–617, Pages 73-89, ISSN 0048-9697, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.327.
مدیریت اراضی
دوره 11، شماره 2
دی 1402
صفحه 147-160

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار