مروری بر شیوه‌های ارزیابی اقتصادی خسارات فرسایش خاک؛ مبانی، رویکردها و روش‌شناسی عملیاتی

نوع مقاله : مروری

نویسندگان

1 استادیار مدیریت منابع خاک، گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران.

2 دانشیار، گروه حفاظت آب و خاک، پژوهشکده حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران.

3 استاد، پژوهشکده حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

خاک یکی از منابع طبیعی مهم با کارکردهای بسیار متنوع است که تخریب آن خسارات هنگفتی را متوجه جامعه می­سازد. باتوجه به اهمیت موضوع تخریب خاک ناشی از فرسایش و لزوم پرداختن به خسارات آن بر اساس ماده 15 قانون حفاظت خاک، این پژوهش به دنبال بررسی روش­های موجود، محدودیت­ها و مزایای آنها و در نهایت ارائه راه­کارهایی برای ارزیابی اقتصادی خسارات فرسایش خاک در ایران می­باشد. تنوع و گستردگی دامنه خسارات فرسایش خاک، ارزیابی و کمی­سازی آنها را با چالش مواجه کرده است. چرا که هر نوع خسارت به یک چارچوب ارزیابی خاص و داده­های ویژه­ای نیاز دارد. اغلب روش­های رایج برای کمی­سازی خسارات فرسایش از نوع هزینه­محور هستند که از مهم­ترین آنها می­توان به روش هزینه جایگزینی، هزینه اجتناب و هزینه فرصت اشاره کرد. هیچ­کدام از این روش­ها کامل نبوده و هر کدام برای نوع خاصی از فرسایش یا نوع خاصی از خسارت کاربرد دارند. استفاده ترکیبی از روش­های موجود نیز ممکن است منجر به بیش­برآوردی گردد.  لذا، ارائه یک چارچوب مشخص که برای انواع فرسایش تحت همه شرایط قابل استفاده باشد، عملا امکان­پذیر نیست. بررسی منابع نشان داد که در مطالعات ارزیابی خسارات فرسایش خاک معمولا سه بخش اصلی وجود دارد: 1) تعیین میزان فرسایش خاک، 2) شناسایی انواع خسارات فرسایش در هر منطقه مطالعاتی، و 3) قیمت­گذاری خسارات، که هر کدام با چالش­های بزرگی روبه­رو است. لذا، بسته به اهداف و شرایط موجود لازم است در هر بخش بهترین و کارآمدترین رویکردها اتخاذ گردد. از نظر کاربردی، روش هزینه اجتناب به دلیل این­که همه خسارات را را به­صورت یکجا پوشش می­دهد و قیمت­گذاری آن آسان است، و همچنین برای همه اشکال فرسایش امکان کاربرد دارد، به عنوان بهترین روش پیشنهاد می­شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

An overview of methods for economic valuation of soil erosion damages: fundamentals, approaches, and operational methodology

نویسندگان [English]

  • Heidar Ghafari 1
  • Yahya Parvizi 2
  • Mahmood Arabkhedri 3
1 Assistant Prof., Soil Science Department, College of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
2 Associate Prof., Water and Soil Conservation Engineering Department, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute (SCWMRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran.
3 Professor, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Soil is a vital natural resource with a multitude of functions, whose degradation leaves significant adverse effects on the beneficiary community. Given the pivotal role soil erosion plays in soil destruction and the mandatory measures prescribed by Article 15 of the Soil Protection Law to address these adverse consequences, the current study was performed to explore the prevailing methodologies along with their inherent limitations and advantages. The goal was to identify and propose solutions for economic assessment of damages ensuing from soil degradation. The types and extent of soil erosion damage pose significant challenges to practitioners and scientists in their efforts to assess and quantify soil degradation. It is, therefore, essential to develop a specialized evaluation framework and datasets for each type of damage. The majority of conventional methods used for quantifying erosion damage are cost-oriented, with the most prominent ones being characterized by replacement cost, avoidance cost, and opportunity cost. It is important to note that no single method is perfect as each is designed for a specific type of erosion or damage. Furthermore, it is likely that application of combined methods might lead to overestimation. Given these considerations, it is not feasible to provide a universal framework as a cure-all that can be used for all types of erosion under all conditions. Our literature review revealed that soil erosion damage assessment studies typically comprise three main parts: 1) measuring the amount of soil erosion, 2) identifying the types of erosion damage in each study area, and 3) pricing the damage, each entailing significant challenges. Consequently, it is essential to adopt the most effective and efficient approach tailored to the specific goals and conditions at hand. Based on the results obtained, the avoided cost method was identified as an optimal solution that might be recommended on practical grounds as it encompasses all damage types, its pricing is straightforward, and is applicable to all forms of erosion.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Natural Resource
  • Soil Protection Law
  • Pricing
  • Avoided Cost Method

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مدیریت اراضی
دوره 12، شماره 2
اسفند 1403
صفحه 187-208

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