تأثیر فشردگی خاک بر عملکرد محصول و ارزش اقتصادی زمین

نوع مقاله : مروری

نویسندگان

1 استادیار پژوهشی، بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان فارس، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، شیراز، ایران

2 دانشیار پژوهشی، موسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران.

3 دانشیار پژوهشی، بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب، مرکزتحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان آذربایجان غربی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ارومیه ، ایران.

4 دکتری فیزیک و حفاظت خاک، دانشگاه تبریز، دانشکده کشاورزی، گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، ایران.

چکیده

کاهش عملکرد محصول و کارایی مصرف منابع، اثرات نامطلوب مستقیم و غیرمستقیم فشردگی خاک بوده که بر سودآوری سامانه ­های کشاورزی تأثیر می­گذارد. فشردگی خاک با کاهش تخلخل تهویه­ ای، افزایش جرم مخصوص ظاهری (Db)، مقاومت مکانیکی خاک و کاهش میزان تخلخل کل، ساختمان خاک را تحت تاثیر قرار می­دهد. مقاله مروری حاضر به بررسی مطالعات به انجام رسیده در خصوص ارزیابی اثر سامانه­ های مختلف خاک­ورزی بر میزان فشردگی خاک و تاثیر آن بر عملکرد و ارزش اقتصادی زمین پرداخته است. پژوهش­ ها نشان می­دهد بین 80-70 درصد فشردگی خاک  طی اولین عبور ماشین­آلات کشاورزی بر روی زمین زراعی اتفاق می­افتد و کاهش عملکرد محصول ناشی از فشردگی خاک در منابع مختلف در محدوده 75-5 درصد گزارش گردیده است. در یک پژوهش، میانگین ضررهای مالی ناشی از افزایش فشردگی خاک در هر هکتار زمین زراعی برای اوکراین و لیتوانی به ترتیب 49 و 13 یورو در هکتار در سال پیش­بینی گردید. خسارت مالی ناشی از فشردگی خاک در اثر پخش کود مایع با تانکر سنگین با وزن بیش از 18 تن و فشار بیش از 200کیلوپاسکال روی خاک مرطوب در اوایل بهار در کانادا نیز 30 تا 300 دلار در هکتار برآورد شد و افزایش فشار چرخ­های ادوات کشاورزی از یک مگاپاسکال به نه مگاپاسکال در سوئد مقدار درآمد خالص زمین زراعی را 25 درصد کاهش داد. بررسی­ها بیانگر این است که که بکارگیری کم­خاک­ورزی منجر به صرفه­ جویی اقتصادی، افزایش بهره­وری انرژی و کاهش انتشار گازهای گلخانه­ ای می­گردد و در اغلب موارد افزایش عملکرد محصول در واحد سطح را به دنبال داشته است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Impacts of soil compaction on crop yield and economic value of arable lands

نویسندگان [English]

  • Jahanbakhsh Mirzavand 1
  • Khosrow Shahbazi 2
  • Aziz Majidi 3
  • Zahra Kazemi 4
1 Assistant Prof., Soil and Water Research Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Zarghan, Iran.
2 Associate Prof., Forests and Rangelands Research Institute, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Organization, AREEO, Tehran, Iran.
3 Associate Prof., Soil and Water Research Department, West Azerbaijan, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Uromia, Iran.
4 PhD in Soil Physics and Conservation, Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Declining crop yield and resource efficiency are the direct and indirect adverse effects of soil compaction, which affect the profitability of agricultural systems. Soil compaction impresses soil structure by reducing air-filled porosity, increasing soil bulk density and mechanical resistance, and reducing total porosity. The present review article explores the various studies focused on the effects of different tillage systems on soil compaction and their impacts on yield and economic value of land. The studies reviewed show that between 70-80% of soil compaction occurs during the first passage of agricultural machinery on land and that reduced crop yield due to soil compaction reportedly falls within the range of 5-75%. One study predicted the average financial losses due to soil compaction in Ukraine and Lithuania to be 49 and 13 euros per hectare per year, respectively. The financial cost of soil compaction caused by spreading liquid fertilizer weighing more than 18 Mg with a heavy tanker exerting a pressure of more than 200 kPa on wet soil in early spring in Canada was reportedly estimated at 30 to 300 dollars per hectare and the increase in wheel loads of agricultural machines from 1 MPa to 9 MPa in Sweden reduced the net income of agricultural land by 25%. This is while the use of a No-Tillage system has been reported to lead to economic savings, increased energy efficiency, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions, which in most cases, leads to an increase in crop yield per unit area.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Air filled porosity
  • Bulk density
  • Soil structure
  • Greenhouse gases
  • and Soil mechanical resistance

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مدیریت اراضی
دوره 13، شماره 1
مرداد 1404
صفحه 59-78

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