فیزیولوژی کلسیم و مدیریت مصرف آن در باغ‌های مرکبات

نوع مقاله : مروری

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی مازندران، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ساری، ایران .

2 استادیار بخش علوم زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی مازندران، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ساری، ایران.

چکیده

هدف از این بررسی، ارزیابی مدیریت کوددهی کلسیم برای درختان مرکبات بود. این ارزیابی می­تواند به شناخت بهتر نیاز به کلسیم، مقدار و زمان مصرف آن، روند جذب و انتقال کلسیم به برگ­ها و میوه­ها در این درختان منجر شود که در  بهبود کیفیت میوه­ها بسیار مؤثر است. کلسیم پس از پتاسیم و نیتروژن بیشترین غلظت در میوه مرکبات دارد اما اولین عنصر از نظر مقدار، در بیوماس درختان مرکبات است (بیشتر از پتاسیم و نیتروژن). مقدار کلسیمی که توسط مرکبات برداشت می­شود حدود 550 تا 600 گرم به ازای هر تن میوه تازه است. پس از تشکیل میوه، میوه­چه­های در حال توسعه، نیاز فوری و پایدار به کلسیم دارند که توسط آوندهای چوبی تأمین می‌شود که شدیداً به تعرق از سطح این بافت­ها و اندام­ها وابسته است. بنابراین، شرایط اقلیمی و مدیریتی نامناسب مانند تنش خشکی، تنش مانداب، تنش گرما، کمبود ساعات آفتابی، رطوبت نسبی زیاد، مصرف زیاد کودهای شیمیایی به‌ویژه نیتروژن و پتاسیم در مرحله اول رشد میوه، احتمال کمبود کلسیم در این بافت­های در حال توسعه را تشدید می­کند. نتایج پژوهش­های مختلف نشان داده است که مناسب­ترین زمان برای مصرف و افزایش کلسیم میوه­ها در درختان مرکبات، مرحله اول و اوایل مرحله دوم رشد میوه است و پس از آن راندمان انتقال کلسیم به میوه­ها به‌شدت کاهش می­یابد. از طرفی کلسیم بیشترین تأثیر در سفتی بافت میوه­ها، کاهش روند نرم شدن و کاهش وزن میوه­ها در طول دوره ذخیره­سازی، کاهش ناهنجاری­های فیزیولوژیک و کاهش درصد پوسیدگی میوه­ها در دوره انبارمانی دارد. بنابراین هدف از مدیریت کوددهی کلسیم، اطمینان از دریافت بهینه کلسیم توسط میوه­ ها، افزایش کیفیت و بازارپسندی میوه­ها، پایداری تولید، کاهش ناهنجاری­های فیزیولوژیک، افزایش زمان انبارمانی و حفظ کیفیت آن­ها در طی دوره انبارمانی است. لذا توصیه می‌شود که باغ‌داران، مدیریت مصرف کلسیم (محلول­پاشی یا کودآبیاری) در مرحله اول و اوایل تا اواسط مرحله دوم انجام دهند و از کوددهی در اواخر مرحله دوم رشد میوه، کوددهی قبل از برداشت و غوطه­وری میوه­های مرکبات در محلول کلسیم پس از برداشت اجتناب کنند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Calcium Physiology and Its Application Management in Citrus Orchards

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ali Asadi kangarshahi 1
  • Negin Akhlaghi Amiri 2
1 Associate Prof., Soil and Water Research Department, Mazandaran Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Sari, Iran.
2 Assistant prof., Agronomy and Horticultural Science Department, Mazandaran Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Sari, Iran.
چکیده [English]

It is the objective of the present study to explore calcium fertilization management in citrus orchards in an attempt to improve fruit quality via the more profound understanding thus gained about plant calcium requirements, proper amount and timing of fertilization, and processes of calcium absorption and transfer to leaves and fruits in the trees. It is well established that calcium concentration in citrus fruits is only second to potassium and nitrogen but that it is the first in terms of quantity in the biomass of citrus trees (compared to potassium and nitrogen). The amount of calcium harvested by fresh citrus fruit is about 550 to 600 gr per ton. The post-setting developing fruits have an immediate and stable need for calcium, which is supplied by the xylem vessels and strongly depends on transpiration from the surface of xylem tissues and organs. It, therefore, follows that unfavorable climatic conditions and management practices leading to such adverse situations as drought stress, flooding stress, heat stress, lack of sunny hours, high relative humidity, or high nitrogen and potassium fertilizer application in the first stage of fruit growth (I) only intensify calcium deficiency in the developing tissues. Study has shown that the most appropriate timing for fertilizer application to increase calcium content in citrus fruits is the first and early second stages of fruit growth, beyond which time calcium efficiency and transfer to fruits undergo drastic drops. On the other hand, calcium enjoys the greatest impacts not only on enhancing fruit tissue firmness but also on preventing their softening, reduced fruit weight, physiological disorders, and fruit rotting percentage during storage. Thus, to achieve these goals of calcium fertilization, previous research in different regions of the world and in Iran recommend that the first stage of fruit growth (from post-setting to June drop) and early to mid-second stage of fruit growth (II) may be the best timing for calcium fertilizer application (foliar application or fertigation) to increase calcium content in citrus fruits. It is further recommended that Ca application during late second stage of fruit growth and pre-harvest period or post-harvest fruit immersion in calcium solutions must be avoided.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Ca absorption trend
  • Ca fertilizers
  • Ca requirement
  • Fruit growth phenology

مراجع

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10.22092/LMJ.2024.363801.345

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(In Persian) 10.22092/LMJ.2023.362505.333

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DOI: http//doi.org/10.22059/IJHS.2023.339145.2003

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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.03.008

 

مدیریت اراضی
دوره 13، شماره 1
مرداد 1404
صفحه 127-159

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