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داوران

مروری بر مطالعات مدیریت زراعی در کاهش انتشار گاز گلخانه‌ای نیتروز اکساید از خاک‌های کشاورزی

نوع مقاله : فنی ترویجی

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه تهران- پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی کرج- دانشکده مهندسی و فناوری کشاورزی- گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک

2 کارشناس ارشد پژوهشکده کشاورزی هسته‌ای، پژوهشگاه علوم و فنون هسته‌ای، تهران، ایران.

3 استاد گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

انتشار گازهای گلخانه­ای دی اکسید کربن (CO2)، نیتروز اکساید (N2O) و متان (CH4) به آتمسفر و اثرات آن­ها بر تغییر اقلیم یکی از بزرگترین نگرانی­های امروزی است. فعالیت­های کشاورزی به دلیل تأثیر قابل توجه بر پویایی کربن و نیتروژن، دارای اثرات مستقیم و غیرمستقیم بر انتشار گازهای گلخانه­ای از خاک می­باشد. نیتروز اکساید گاز گلخانه­ای قوی بوده و پتانسیل گرمایش جهانی آن 298 برابر بیشتر از دی اکسید کربن است. بیشترین میزان انتشار نیتروز اکساید مربوط به فعالیت­های کشاورزی بوده و به طور عمده از طریق فرآیندهای نیترات­سازی و نیترات­زدایی در خاک­ها اتفاق می­افتد. عوامل مختلف زیست محیطی و مدیریتی تأثیر قابل توجه بر تشکیل و انتشار این گاز گلخانه­ای دارند. این مقاله مروری، قابلیت روش­های مختلف مدیریت زراعی را برای کاهش انتشار نیتروزاکساید از خاک­های کشاورزی ارزیابی می­کند. مدیریت صحیح بقایای گیاهی، بکارگیری روش­های نوین خاک­ورزی حفاظتی و آبیاری و همین­طور گنجاندن محصولات لگوم در تناوب از جمله راهکارهای موثر در کاهش انتشار نیتروز اکساید هستند. همچنین بهبود کارایی مصرف نیتروژن با استفاده از بازدارنده­های نیترات­سازی، اوره­آز و کودهای آهسته­ رهش منجر به کاهش تشکیل و انتشار این گاز می­گردد. تشخیص منشأ انتشار نیتروز اکساید با استفاده از فناوری­های نوین نیز اهمیت قابل ملاحظه­ای در انتخاب و اجرای عملیات زراعی مطلوب و در نتیجه جلوگیری از انتشار بیشتر این گاز گلخانه­ای دارد. بنابراین با توجه به پتانسیل قابل توجه مدیریت صحیح زراعی در کاهش انتشار این گاز، بکارگیری و عملیاتی نمودن هر یک از راهکارهای مدیریتی ارائه شده در این مقاله می­تواند سهم قابل توجهی در کاهش انتشار گاز گلخانه­ای نیتروزاکساید از خاک و در نتیجه جلوگیری از پدیده تغییر اقلیم و گرمایش جهانی و همچنین افزایش تولید پایدار محصولات کشاورزی به دنبال داشته باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

A Survey of Agronomic Management Studies Aimed at Mitigating Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Agricultural Soils

نویسندگان [English]

  • Morad Mirzaei 1
  • Rayehe Mirkhani 2
  • Manouchehr Gorji Anari 3
  • Mehdi Shorafa 3

1 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran

2 2- M.Sc, Nuclear Agriculture School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Tehran, Iran.

3 3- Professor, Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran.

چکیده [English]

A major concern in our modern world is the emission of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4) into the atmosphere and their effects on climate change. Due to their significant impacts on carbon and nitrogen dynamics, agricultural activities have both direct and indirect effects on soil greenhouse emissions. Nitrous oxide is a potent greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 298 times that of carbon dioxide. Most N2O emissions are agriculturally-induced, occurring due to nitrification and denitrification processes in soils and strongly affected by various environmental and soil management factors. The present review paper attempts to evaluate the capability of different agronomic management practices in mitigating nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural soils. Proper management of crop residues, application of new methods of conservation tillage and irrigation techniques, and inclusion of legume crops in crop rotation programs are reportedly among the measures effective in reducing nitrous oxide emissions. Moreover, the use of nitrification and urease inhibitors as well as sustained-release fertilizers to improve nitrogen use efficiency might lead to reduced nitrous oxide formation and emission. From a different perspective, the use of novel technologies to identify the sources of nitrous oxide is of great importance in the selection and application of proper farm operations aimed at preventing further greenhouse emissions. It is expected that the agronomic management strategies proposed herein might have significant contributions to reducing nitrous oxide emission from soils, abating or preventing global climate change and the associated global warming, and achieving sustainable agricultural production.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Agriculture
  • Climate change
  • Denitrification
  • Global warming
  • Nitrification
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مدیریت اراضی
دوره 8، شماره 2
بهمن 1399
صفحه 197-211
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