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اثرات بلند مدت کودهای شیمیایی بر ریزجانداران خاک

نوع مقاله : فنی ترویجی

نویسندگان

1 استاد موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، سازمان تحقیقات آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی،کرج، ایران.

2 استادیار موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، سازمان تحقیقات آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی،کرج،ایران.

چکیده

کاربرد رو به افزایش نهاده­های کودی در اکوسیستم­های خاکی علاوه بر جوامع گیاهی می­تواند بر جوامع میکروبی خاک نیز اثرگذار باشد. مطالعات انجام شده در اکوسیستم­های طبیعی نشان داده است که افزایش کود­های نیتروژنی عموما سبب کاهش زیست توده میکروبی خاک می­گردد در حالیکه این اثرات بلند مدت در سیستم­های تحت مدیریت انسان مانند اکوسیستم­های کشاورزی کاملا شناخته شده نیست. هدف از این مقاله بررسی و تحلیل واکنش ریزجانداران خاک به کودهای شیمیایی نیتروژنی با استفاده از داده­هایی است که از آزمایش­های بلند مدت کودی در سیستم­های زراعی بدست آمده است. آزمون متاآنالیز انجام شده بر پایه 107 مجموعه داده جمع­آوری شده از 64 آزمایش بلندمدت از سرتاسر جهان نشان داد که کاربرد کودهای شیمیایی سبب افزایش 1/15 درصدی زیست­توده میکروبی (Cmic) در مقایسه با تیمارهای شاهد می­شود. کاربرد کودهای شیمیایی همچنین میزان کربن آلی خاک (Corg) را افزایش می­دهد و این نتایج نشانگر این موضوع است که Corgعامل اصلی موثر در افزایش کلی Cmicدر نتیجه کاربرد کودهای شیمیایی است. شدت تأثیرگذاری کوددهی بر Cmicوابسته به pHاست. در حالی که کوددهی منجر به کاهش Cmic در خاک­هایی با pHکمتر از پنج می­شود، اما اثر مثبت معنی­داری در خاک­های با pH بالاتر از خود بر جای می­گذارد. طول مدت آزمایش نیز در پاسخ Cmicبه کوددهی موثر است و افزایش Cmic در آزمایش­هایی با زمان حداقل بیست سال بخوبی نشان داده شده است. به نظر می­رسد که کاربرد کودهای نیتروژنی در سیستم­های زراعی نمی­تواند بخودی خود تأثیرات منفی بر Cmic داشته باشد. هرچند کاربرد کودهای آمونیاک و اوره می­تواند بصورت موقتی سبب افزایش pH، پتانسیل اسمزی و غلظت آمونیاک به میزانی که برای جوامع میکروبی خاک بازدارنده است، گردد. اگرچه تأثیر کودها محدود به نقاط مصرف است با این حال ممکن است در کوتاه مدت، ساختار جمعیتی و زیست­توده میکروبی را به شدت تحت تأثیر قرار دهند. کاربرد مکرر کودهای نیتروژنی در بلندمدت، حتی زمانی که تغییرات pHدر خاک ناچیز باشد ممکن است سبب تغییر ساختار جمعیتی ریزجانداران خاک گردد. چگونگی پاسخ گروه­های میکروبی به کاربردهای مداوم کودهای شیمیایی بسیار متغیر بوده و به عوامل محیطی و مدیریت محصول بستگی دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Long-term Effects of Mineral Fertilizers on Soil Microorganisms

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hadi Asadirahmani 1
  • Hossin Kari Dolatabad 2

چکیده [English]

Increasing nutrient inputs into terrestrial ecosystems affect not only plant communities but also the associated soil microbial ones. Studies carried out in predominantly unmanaged ecosystems have found that increasing nitrogen (N) inputs generally decrease soil microbial biomass while less is known about their long-term impacts on managed systems such as agroecosystems. The objective of this study was to analyze the responses of soil microorganisms to mineral fertilizers using data from long-term fertilization trials in cropping systems. A meta-analysis based on 107 datasets from 64 long-term trials from around the world revealed that mineral fertilizer application led to a 15.1% increase in the microbial biomass (Cmic) above the levels observed in unfertilized control treatments. Mineral fertilization also increased soil organic carbon (Corg) content, suggesting that Corg is a major contributor to the overall increase in Cmic under mineral fertilization. The magnitude of the effect of fertilization on Cmic was found to be pH-dependent. While fertilization tended to reduce Cmic in soils with a pH below 5 in the fertilized treatment, it had a significantly positive effect at higher soil pH values. Duration of the trial also affected the response of Cmic to fertilization, with increases in Cmic most pronounced in studies with a duration of at least 20 years. The input of N per se does not seem to negatively affect Cmic in cropping systems. Application of urea and ammonia fertilizers can, however, temporarily increase pH, osmotic potential, and ammonia concentrations to levels inhibitory to microbial communities. Even though impacts of fertilizers are spatially limited, they may strongly affect soil microbial biomass and community composition in the short term. Long-term repeated mineral N applications may alter microbial community composition even with small changes in pH. The way specific microbial groups respond to repeated applications of mineral fertilizers, however, varies considerably and seems to depend on environmental and crop management related factors.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Cropping systems
  • Long-term trials
  • Microbial biomass
  • Microbial community composition
  • Nitrogen fertilizers
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مدیریت اراضی
دوره 8، شماره 1
خرداد 1399
صفحه 105-127
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