مدیریت پایدار خاک و نقش آن در کاهش انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای

نوع مقاله : فنی ترویجی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده مهندسی و فناوری کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران

2 استاد گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده مهندسی و فناوری کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران.

3 استادیار پژوهشکده کشاورزی هسته‌ای، پژوهشگاه علوم و فنون هسته‌ای

4 دانشیار گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده مهندسی و فناوری کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران

5 استاد گروه علوم میکروبی، خاک و گیاه، دانشگاه ایالتی میشیگان، میشیگان، ایالات‌متحده

چکیده

افزایش غلظت گازهای گلخانه­ای اثرات جبران‌ناپذیری بر تغییر اقلیم، محیط‌زیست و سلامت بشر دارد. دی‌اکسید کربن (CO2)، متان (CH4) و نیتروزاکساید (N2O) گازهای گلخانه­ای اصلی هستند. فعالیت میکروبی، تنفس ریشه، فرآیندهای تجزیه شیمیایی و همین‌طور تنفس هتروتروفی موجودات خاک منجر به تولید گازهای گلخانه­ای در خاک­ها می­گردند. میزان انتشار گازهای گلخانه­ای متأثر از عوامل گوناگون محیطی و مدیریتی است. جریان کربن از خاک به اتمسفر به­صورت دی‌اکسید کربن ناشی از تنفس و سایر فعالیت­های موجودات زنده خاک است. نیتروزاکساید از طریق فرآیندهای نیتریفیکاسیون و دنیتریفیکاسیون و متان با فرآیند متانوژنز میکروبی تحت شرایط غیرهوازی تولید می­شود. میزان انتشار گازهای گلخانه­ای با استفاده از روش­های گوناگونی اندازه­گیری می­شود که متداول­ترین نوع آن روش اتاقک بسته است. مدیریت صحیح خاک­های کشاورزی پتانسیل قابل‌توجهی در کاهش انتشار گازهای گلخانه­ای دارد. به­کارگیری تناوب زراعی، استفاده از محصولات پوششی، اعمال روش­های خاک­ورزی حفاظتی، نگهداری بقایای محصولات و پرهیز از سوزاندن یا حذف نمودن آن‌ها، از جمله روش­های مدیریتی مناسب جهت کاهش انتشار دی‌اکسید کربن از خاک هستند. راه­کارهایی از قبیل مدیریت بهتر نیتروژن از طریق کاربرد به‌موقع کودهای نیتروژنی و متناسب با مقدار نیاز محصول و تقسیط­ آن‌ها در مراحل گوناگون رشد گیاه، گنجاندن محصولات لگوم در تناوب زراعی، مدیریت مناسب بقایای گیاهی، استفاده از کودهای آهسته رهش و مصرف مواد بازدارنده­ نیتریفیکاسیون و دنیتریفیکاسیون باعث کاهش انتشار نیتروزاکساید از خاک می­گردند. کاهش انتشار متان نیز از طریق زهکشی شالیزارها به‌منظور ایجاد تهویه مناسب برای اکسیداسیون متان و تجزیه بقایای گیاهی قبل از غرقاب شدن از طریق خاک­ورزی یا تبدیل آن‌ها به کمپوست امکان­پذیر است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Sustainable soil management and its role in mitigating greenhouse emissions

نویسندگان [English]

  • Morad Mirzai 1
  • Manouchehr Gorji 2
  • Ebrahim Moghiseh 3
  • Hossein Asadi 4
  • Ehsan Razavi toosi 5
1 Ph.D Student, Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Tehran University
2 Prof., Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Tehran University
3 Assistant Professor of Soil Science, Nuclear Agriculture School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute.
4 Associate Prof. Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Tehran University
5 Prof., Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA.
چکیده [English]

Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) in the atmosphere and the consequent climate change have irreversible effects on the environment and human health. Greenhouse gases in the soil are produced by microbial activity, root respiration, chemical decomposition, and heterotrophic respiration of organisms; the carbon flux from the soil in the form of carbon dioxide is caused by respiration and other activities of soil organisms, nitrous oxide is produced by nitrification and denitrification processes, and methane is produced by microbial methanogenesis under anaerobic conditions. This is while various environmental and managerial factors might affect their concentrations in the soil. Proper management of agricultural soils offers a significant potential to reduce greenhouse emissions. For instance, crop rotation, cover crop farming, conservation tillage, crop residues retention, and avoiding plant residue burning or removal serve as appropriate management practices to reduce carbon dioxide emission. Strategies employed to mitigate nitrous oxide emission include better nitrogen management, well-planned application of nitrogen fertilizers only to meet crop requirements in a timely manner, reduced application of nitrogen fertilizers tailored to the different stages of plant growth, using Legume plants in crop rotation, proper crop residue management, use of slow-release fertilizers, and application of nitrification and denitrification inhibitors. Methane emissions may be reduced through drainage of rice paddies to provide adequate ventilation for methane oxidation and tillage or composting to decompose crop residues before flooding.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Agriculture
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Climate change
  • Conservative agriculture
  • Global warming
  • Methane
  • Nitrous oxide

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مدیریت اراضی
دوره 9، شماره 2
اسفند 1400
صفحه 187-204

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