کوددهی پتاسیم در باغ‌های مرکبات

نوع مقاله : مروری

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی مازندران، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ساری، ایران

2 استادیار بخش علوم زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی مازندران، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی

چکیده

هدف از این بررسی، ارزیابی مدیریت کوددهی پتاسیم برای درختان مرکبات بود. این ارزیابی می­تواند به شناخت بهتر نیاز پتاسیمی، مقدار کوددهی، زمان مناسب کوددهی، روند جذب و انتقال پتاسیم در این درختان منجر شود که در بهینه­سازی توصیه‌های کودی پتاسیم بسیار مؤثر است. به‌طور میانگین در درختان یک باغ بارده یک هکتاری مرکبات حدود 300 تا 750 کیلوگرم پتاسیم وجود دارد که حدود 15 تا 20 درصد آن در برگ­ها و 45 تا 60 درصد آن در میوه­های این درختان است. بر اساس نتایج بلندمدت آزمایش­های کوددهی مرکبات در ایران و برخی مناطق مختلف جهان برای پایداری تولید، بهبود عملکرد و کیفیت میوه، رشد مناسب و سلامت درختان مصرف حدود 50 تا 200 کیلوگرم پتاسیم (K2O) در هکتار در سال نیاز است که حدود 50 تا 70 درصد از این پتاسیم مصرفی در تولید میوه­ها مشارکت دارد، حدود پنج درصد آن در ساختار درختان رسوب و ذخیره می­شود و تعادل بین پتاسیم مصرفی و جذب شده توسط درختان با واکنش­های جذبی و واجذبی با سطوح تبادلی خاک ایجاد می­شود. نتایج پژوهش­های مختلف نشان داده است که بیشترین نیاز و راندمان جذب پتاسیم در درختان مرکبات در مرحله دوم رشد میوه رخ می‌دهد؛ اما در زمان حداقل فعالیت (زمستان)، شروع فصل رشد و پس از برداشت، راندمان جذب بسیار کم است؛ بنابراین در زمانی که جذب پتاسیم از خاک هنوز بسیار کم است ذخیره پتاسیمی در بافت‌های قدیمی‌تر بیشترین نقش در رشد و توسعه برگ‌ها، سرشاخه­ها، گل­ها و میوه­چه­ها در اوایل فصل رشد (شروع رشد سرشاخه­ها، گلدهی و تشکیل میوه) دارند. بر این اساس محلول­پاشی کودهای پتاسیمی هم نقش مهمی در تنظیم عرضه پتاسیم به اندام­های جدید در حال رشد و توسعه، به‌ویژه در شروع فصل رشد دارد. بنابر آنچه گفته شد هدف از کوددهی پتاسیم تضمین پایداری تولید، افزایش عملکرد، افزایش کیفیت انبارمانی و کاهش ناهنجاری­های فیزیولوژیکی میوه­ها است و کوددهی خاکی قبل از گلدهی و تشکیل میوه تأثیری در رشد سرشاخه­های بهاره، گلدهی و تشکیل میوه در سال جاری ندارد. لذا توصیه می‌شود که باغ‌داران، کوددهی خاکی قبل از گلدهی و تشکیل میوه را متوقف نمایند و به‌تدریج، مقدار مصرف (درصدی از نیاز سالانه) را متناسب با فنولوژی رشد میوه از اواسط تا اواخر مرحله اول شروع نمایند و در مرحله دوم رشد میوه به حداکثر مقدار مصرف ارتقا داده شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Potassium Fertilization in Citrus Orchards

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ali Asadi kangarshahi 1
  • Negin Akhlaghi Amiri 2
1 Associate Professor of Soil and Water Research Department, Mazandaran Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Sari, Iran
2 Agronomy and Horticultural Science Department, Mazandaran Agricultuarl and Nutural Resources Research and Education
چکیده [English]

This study was conducted to evaluate potassium fertilization management on citrus orchards as an effort to gain a better understanding of the potassium requirement, amount of fertilization, and proper timing of potassium application as well as potassium uptake and transfer in citrus trees. The findings can be effectively employed in formulating horticultural recommendations toward optimized potassium application. On average, mature citrus trees contain 300 to 750 kg/ha of K, 15 to 20 percent of which is found in the leaves and 45 to 60 percent in the fruits. Long-term citrus fertilization experiments in Iran and elsewhere have revealed that around 50 to 200 kg/ha of potassium as K2O is annually needed to achieve sustainable production, improved fruit yield and quality, and proper tree growth and health. Around 50-70% of this amount is consumed in fruits, about 5% deposited in tree structure and organs, and the balance between the potassium absorbed and that consumed is made up by absorption and desorption reactions at soil exchange surfaces. Studies in the past have shown that the highest K-requirement and K-uptake rate in citrus trees belong to the period from June drop to fruit maturation (i.e., the second stage of fruit growth) but that the lowest uptakes are observed during minimum activity (i.e., in the winter), at the beginning of the growing season, and after harvesting. The potassium stored in older tissues, therefore, plays the greatest role in the growth and development of leaves, branches, flowers, and fruits during the early growing season (i.e., the beginning of twig growth, flowering, and fruit setting) when potassium uptake from the soil is still at its lowest. Like the tree potassium reserves, foliar application of potassium fertilizers will, therefore, play an important role in regulating the supply of potassium to the newly growing and developing organs, especially at the beginning of the growing season. The purpose of potassium fertilizer application is, therefore, to ensure sustainable production, enhanced tree performance, improved fruit storage, and reduced fruit physiological disorders. Obviously, application of potassium fertilizer to soil prior to flowering and fruit setting has been found to have no effects on the development of spring twigs, nor on the current year flowering or fruit setting. It may, therefore, be recommended that producers should stop soil application of fertilizers before flowering and fruit setting, but start K application (percentage of the annual requirement) from the middle to the end of the first stage and gradually increase it to its maximum during the second stage of fruit maturation.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Fruit growth phenology
  • K fertilizers
  • K nutrition
  • K requirement

مراجع

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  1. Yasini, K., Malkuti, M.J., Asadi Kangarshahi, A. and Roadbari, S., 2021. Two -year study on the role of balanced fertilization in orange fruit yield increase and tolerance to frost in orange fruit. Hort. Plants Nutr, 4(2), pp. 137-148.doi:10.22070/hpn.2022.5333.1087 (In Persian)
مدیریت اراضی
دوره 12، شماره 1
شهریور 1403
صفحه 57-80

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